The following categories of supplies that will be exempt from VAT are:

• The supply of certain financial services
• Sale of bare land
• Lease or sale of residential property
• Local transport

UAE nationals who are not registered for VAT can still claim VAT under certain circumstances. For instance, the government will be introducing a scheme allowing UAE nationals to reclaim VAT related to building new residences for themselves and their families. They can claim VAT for contractors’ services, building materials, and similar expenses.

Output VAT is the value added tax that you calculate and charge on your own sales of goods and services if you are registered for VAT. Output VAT must be charged on sales both to other businesses and to ordinary consumers.   Input VAT is the value added tax added to the price you pay for eligible goods or services. If you are registered for VAT, you can deduct the amount of VAT paid from your settlement with the tax authorities.

VAT registered businesses charge and add VAT to the value of goods and services they supply. They can also reclaim VAT incurred on goods and services. Please refer to the illustration for an easy-to-understand example.

*VAT is collected through the supply chain, and the end consumer pays and bears the VAT cost.

• The manufacturer sells the raw beans and charges 5% (0.50 AED) on the sale price as output tax (VAT) to the distributor. As the manufacturer has not incurred any input tax on his purchases, he has a net VAT payable to the tax authority of 0.50 AED (0.50 AED output VAT – 0 AED input VAT = 0.50 AED payable).
• The distributor has incurred input tax of 0.50 AED on his purchase from the manufacturer, and charges 5% (0.75 AED) on his selling price as output tax to the coffee shop. The distributor therefore has a net VAT payable of 0.25 AED (0.75 AED output tax – 0.50 AED input tax = 0.25 AED payable to the tax authorities).
• The coffee shop has incurred input tax of 0.75 AED on its purchase from the distributor, and charges 5% (1.00 AED) on its selling price as output tax to the final consumer. The coffee shop therefore has net VAT payable of 0.25 AED (1.00 AED output VAT – 0.75 AED input VAT = 0.25 AED payable to the tax authorities).
• The final consumer bears the full burden of the tax paid to the tax authorities, 1.00 AED.

For imports, VAT is charged at the first point of entry into the consumer’s country or state (where customs duty may also apply).

Businesses should keep track of their sales purchase and expenses including the tax paid on the same. The tax payable by for a particular taxpayer is equal to tax collected on output (sales) – tax paid on input (purchases).

Let’s look at an example of how to calculate output and input VAT.

Suppose you own a coffee shop and spend 100,000 AED towards obtaining raw materials. The input tax rate is 5%, so the input tax you pay is 5% of 100,000 AED = 5,000 AED.

Now after selling coffee using the purchased raw materials, you make sales of 200,000 AED. Supposing 5% is the output tax, the output tax you pay is 10,000 AED.

So, final (net) VAT payable by you will be  10,000 AED – 5,000 AED = 5,000 AED.

In the VAT settlement, you deduct input VAT from output VAT. The resulting amount must be reported to your regional tax office. As you can see, you only pay tax to the state on the value your enterprise has added to the goods. (If your purchases exceed your sales in any one period, the difference will be negative, and the difference will be refunded).

Not necessarily. VAT and customs duty are two separate and independent levies. Even if customs duty is exempted on certain goods, imports can be subjected to VAT.

Yes, customs duties will be applicable under VAT. VAT shall be levied on the value of goods including the value of customs duty.

Zero-rated supplies include:

• Exports of goods and services to outside the GCC.
• International and intra-GCC transport
• Supplies for certain sea, air, and land means of transportation (such as aircraft and ships).
• Supply of precious metals for investment (gold, silver, and platinum)
• Newly constructed residential properties that are supplied for the first time within three years of their construction.
• Supply of certain educational services and relevant goods and services.
• Supply of certain healthcare services and associated goods and services.
• Certain eatables (a standard list will be ratified across the GCC by the Financial and Economic Cooperation Committee)
• The oil sector and the oil and gas derivatives sector (at the discretion of each member state)

Additionally, each member state can zero rate or VAT-exempt:

• The educational sector
• The medical sector
• The real estate sector
• The local transport sector

VAT will not be deductible for non-taxable supplies. Customs duty paid at the time of import cannot be claimed for payment of VAT. Furthermore, input tax cannot be deducted if it is incurred for certain expenses, such as entertainment expenses.

For instance, if Mr. Ali, manager of SR Steel in Dubai, takes his team out for dinner, he cannot claim input tax credit for this expense.

Businesses can claim VAT under the following circumstances:

• If the business is registered under VAT, they can claim a refund on expenses (the end consumer cannot claim any input tax refund).
• The VAT should be charged correctly (i.e., unduly charged VAT is not recoverable).
• Businesses should have proper documents (such as a valid VAT invoice) showing that the VAT is paid.
• VAT input tax refund can be claimed only on the amount paid (or intended to be paid) within 6 months after the supply date.

The VAT treatment of real estate will depend on whether it is a commercial or residential property.

Supplies (including sales or leases) of commercial properties will be taxable at the Standard VAT rate (i.e., 5%). On the other hand, supplies of residential properties will be exempt from VAT.

To ensure that real estate developers can recover VAT on the construction of residential properties, the first supply of residential properties within three years after their completion will be zero-rated.

The sale of bare or undeveloped land will be tax-exempt.

Businesses that satisfy certain requirements provided by the legislation (such as being under the same ownership and located within the same GCC country) will be able to register as a VAT group.

For some businesses, VAT grouping will be a useful tool to simplify accounting for VAT. By registering under the Group VAT scheme, businesses will get a single VAT number and can file a single return. A VAT group allows people and entities that are closely linked financially, economically and organizationally to operate as a single VAT person.

Value Added Tax (or VAT) is an indirect tax applied on the consumption of most goods and services. It is also referred to as a type of general consumption tax. It is imposed on a product at each stage of production before the final sale.

At each stage in the supply chain, businesses collect VAT on behalf of the government. Because it is added to the customer’s purchase price, ultimately it is the end consumer who pays VAT.

If goods and services are purchased from abroad, VAT is applicable. Most of the goods and services consumed in the UAE are imported; most come from Europe and Asia, while a few come from other GCC countries. To make it easier to understand, let’s see a few examples:

Case 1: If the business owner in the State is a registered person with the Federal Tax Authority for VAT purposes, VAT would be due on that import using a reverse charge mechanism.

Example: Aamir is a perfume dealer in UAE and is a VAT registered business owner. He imports perfume from France for sale in the UAE. He will owe VAT under the reverse charge mechanism, in which Aamir pays the tax directly to the government, and he can claim Input Tax Credit for this import.

Case 2: If the business owner in the State is a non-registered person for VAT, then VAT would be paid on goods being imported from outside the GCC. Such VAT will typically be paid before the goods are released to the person.

Example: Abdul is a non-registered business owner under VAT in the UAE. He imports goods from places outside the GCC. In this scenario, VAT is due to the UAE government and has to be paid before the goods are released to Abdul.

Case 3: If goods are transhipped via UAE to other GCC countries, import VAT is applicable. The Input Tax Credit cannot be claimed in UAE, but can be claimed in the final destination member state.

Example: Hamid deals in cutlery, and he tranships goods via the UAE to other GCC countries. In this case, import VAT is applicable. Although Hamid has to pay VAT in the UAE, the input tax credit cannot be claimed there. He can only claim it in the destination state.

Case 4: If Goods are previously imported to UAE and then exported to other GCC countries, import VAT is applicable. The input credit recovered via reverse charge has to be paid back to the UAE tax authority.

Example: Kadar owns an electronics business in the UAE and Kuwait. He previously imported 100 television sets to the UAE, and then he exported 40 of them to Kuwait (which is also a GCC country). In this case, the input tax credit which Kadar received on the 40 television sets has to be paid back to the UAE tax authority.

Registered businesses whose input VAT (tax applied on the purchase of goods or services) is more than their output VAT (tax applied on the sale of goods or services) should indicate on their tax returns that they are eligible to receive VAT refunds.

VAT can be claimed under these scenarios:

Export of goods and services outside the GCC and international transportation are zero rated. They must be reported in tax returns, but no VAT will apply.

UAE taxpayers should file VAT returns with the Federal Tax Authority (FTA) on a quarterly basis. Returns must be filed according to the procedures specified in the VAT legislation, within 28 days from the end of the tax period. Taxpayers can file their returns online using e-services.

For instance, if Ali has VAT returns for the October to December 2017 quarter, he has to file them before 28th of January, 2018.

The short answer is yes. The travel and tourism industry is an important part of the UAE’s national economy.

Not all parts of the industry will be subject to the same VAT rates, though. The travel and tourism sector can be broken down into several components, such as luxury, medical, education, meetings, exhibitions, healthcare, education, events and other special interest groups. It is expected that healthcare and education will be zero-rated supplies in the UAE. Meetings, conferences, events, and trade expos, which account for a significant portion the revenue-generating drive of the tourism sector, will be taxable.

Currently, the UAE is doing a feasibility study of a Tourist Refund Scheme where visitors and tourists will be able to claim a refund on VAT paid on certain goods and services purchased in the UAE.

Each person’s cost of living is affected by their lifestyle, so the impact of VAT will vary between individuals. There will probably be a slight increase in overall cost of living, but a person who spends mostly on exempt and zero-rated things will not see much increase.

The proposed standard rate of VAT in the UAE will be up to 5%. Certain supplies of goods and services may be either exempt (meaning VAT will not be applicable at all), or zero-rated (meaning 0% VAT will be applied to goods and services). The standard rate will be applied to all goods and services that do not fall under an exempt or zero-rated goods and services category.

The Federal Tax Authority has decided to introduce VAT in the UAE by 01 January 2018.